DRAFT

Chow Hou-kun 周厚坤 (1891-?, Class of 1914) was a native of Wuxi in Jiangsu Province and one of the first Chinese students to come to the US on the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program, qualifying in the second round of examinations in 1910.[1] Educated at the Imperial Polytechnic College at Shanghai, and then at the Tangshan Railway and Mining College, Chow initially entered the University of Illinois before transferring to MIT. A man of unusual brilliance, Chow received the BS in Mechanical Engineering (Course II) and in Naval Architecture (Course XIII) in 1914, writing one thesis on “The Effect of Time on the Elongation and Set of Copper and Composition Wires,” and another on “Bamboo as Reinforcing Material for Concrete.”[2] In preparation for the latter, Chow conducted extensive experiments to test the strength of bamboo, ordering half a ton of the material shipped from China in 1912. Importantly, Chow recognized that bamboo’s abundant supply and extensive growth, coupled with its "innumerable uses," warranted a corrective to the general "ignorance of its properties by the engineering world" at the time. He would publish a brief account of these experiments for lay readers in The Chinese Students’ Monthly in 1915.[3] As a student, Chow showed his predilection for hands-on work with various inventions, including a special ink-grinding machine for Chinese calligraphy that he demonstrated in 1913.[4] Chow then went on the following year to obtain an MS in Aeronautical Engineering from MIT’s newly established aeronautics program, which would officially become Course 16 in 1926.[5] This was the first American Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering ever awarded.[6] His thesis, "Experimental Determination of Damping Coefficients in the Stability of Aeroplanes," described a problem that remained difficult to solve even into the twenty-first century.[7] Chow won a prize from the Aero Club of America for high standing and his thesis work was published in the Aerial Age Weekly.[8] Further contributing to the history of aeronautical engineering, Chow assisted Jerome Hunsaker in the writing of the now classic Dynamic Stability of Aeroplanes (1916).[9] While at MIT, Chow was also very active in campus life, presiding over the Cosmopolitan Club’s Chinese Night in December 1912, serving as Vice President of the Naval Architectural Society in 1913, and as Vice President (1913) and President (1915) of the Chinese Students' Club.[10] In March 1914, Chow participated in an English debate between the MIT and Harvard Chinese Students’ Clubs on the topic of "Resolved, That the Provincial System of Government Should Be Preserved."[11] Beyond MIT, Chow was prominent in the national Chinese Students’ Alliance, elected Secretary and also serving on the Managerial Board for the annual conference in 1914.[12] When the chair of the Engineering Committee of the Chinese Students’ Alliance that year called for students of engineering and applied sciences to contribute to the compilation of a bibliography of engineering books for use by graduates after they returned to China, Chow took charge of the Mechanical Engineering and Mining Engineering and Metallurgy sections.[13] After graduation, Chow worked as an engineer at Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company before returning to China in 1916. In China, Chow was first employed as an engineer at the Commercial Press in Shanghai, and then at the Han Yeh Ping Iron and Coal Company, where he was Chief Engineer and Acting Manager. He also worked as an engineer at Mobile Shanghai and Texaco Shanghai. In 1936, Chow was appointed Head of the Naval Vessel Division of the China Merchants Group and Vice Director of its Shipping Services Department. He also served as the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of The Chinese Engineering Society. Chow joined together with other MIT alumni to found the Shanghai Industrial Junior College in 1940, serving as Vice President. In 1949, the year of the Chinese Communist Revolution, Chow fled to Hong Kong, then eventually settled in the US. Chow is known today for two important patented inventions: a Chinese typewriter, and an "impact-proof ship."[14] The subject of a book by Historian Thomas Mullaney at Stanford, the idea of a Chinese typewriter was long believed impossibly difficult to actualize. Chow began working on designs for such a machine as early as 1914 while he was a student at MIT, inspired by his inspection of American typewriters at the Mechanics Hall in Boston.[15] In 1916, he made international headlines as the inventor of the world’s first Chinese typewriter.[16] Chow designed his "impact-proof ship" in the 1930s, while serving on a design committee for vessel procurement organized by the China Merchants Group in 1933.[17]